Technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) is a growing global and local phenomenon that affects women and girls disproportionately. In the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), the interplay of rigid gender norms, power structures, and technology has enabled new forms of GBV with profound personal and societal consequences.
The study is based on qualitative research, including 12 focus group discussions, 5 key informant interviews, and 3 interviews with local social media influencers. It aims to understand the psychological, sociological, and environmental drivers of TFGBV and inform future social and behaviour change (SBC) programming in the region.
Key findings
- Acknowledge technology’s double-edged nature: Technology offers opportunities for learning, income, and expression but also increases exposure to harassment, blackmail, and reputational harm, especially for young women.
- Address deep-rooted gender norms: Patriarchal structures in KRI normalize male dominance and female submission, which leads to victim-blaming and a lack of consequences for perpetrators of TFGBV.
- Shift blame from victims to perpetrators: Women subjected to TFGBV face severe consequences such as isolation, forced marriage, or even 'honour killings', while male perpetrators are often excused or supported by peers and institutions.
- Strengthen support systems: Victims of TFGBV face institutional mistrust and family sanctions, often receiving little to no support. Police and judicial systems are viewed as biased, slow, and ineffective.
- Challenge harmful beliefs early: Participants stressed the need for early education to dismantle harmful gender beliefs, promote respectful behaviour, and foster empathy and equity from a young age.
- Promote transformative change: Efforts to reduce TFGBV must go beyond awareness campaigns. Gender-transformative programs, stronger legal frameworks, accessible victim services, and platform accountability are essential.
- Engage all stakeholders: Government, civil society, media, and communities must collaborate to foster environments where women can use technology safely and equally.
