This paper examines how masculinity norms — the social expectations about how men should behave — predict economic, health and political outcomes. The research fields the Global Masculinity Survey, covering 125,000 individuals across 70 countries, to measure adherence to core masculinity norms. Economically, men who adhere more strongly to these norms supply more labour, earn more and sort into traditionally masculine occupations. However, they take greater health risks and report poorer mental health. Politically, they express stronger support for strongman authoritarianism and military rule. Adherence to masculinity norms is stronger among men exposed to war or economic recession during their impressionable years.
